What is Polio?

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Recently, Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (VDPV) was recently found in sewage samples from Kolkata, Bengal, during environmental surveillance.

A VDPV is a weakened poliovirus strain that was initially included in OPV (Oral Poliovirus Vaccines) but has since evolved to act more like the wild or naturally occurring virus.

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GS II- Health

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The World Health Organization (WHO) defines polio or poliomyelitis as “a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children.”
The virus is transmitted by person-to-person, spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g., contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.
Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs.
In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent.
There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented by immunization.
There are three individual and immunologically distinct wild poliovirus strains:
1. Wild Poliovirus type 1 (WPV1)
2. Wild Poliovirus type 2 (WPV2)
3. Wild Poliovirus type 3 (WPV3)
Symptomatically, all three strains are identical, in that they cause irreversible paralysis or even death.
However, there are genetic and virological differences, which make these three strains separate viruses which must each be eradicated individually.

India received polio-free certification by the WHO in 2014, after three years of zero cases.
This achievement has been spurred by the successful pulse polio campaign in which all children were administered polio drops.
The last case due to wild poliovirus in the country was detected on 13th January 2011.

With the global initiative of eradication of polio in 1988 following World Health Assembly resolution in 1988, Pulse Polio Immunization programme was launched in India in 1995. Children in the age group of 0-5 years administered polio drops during National and Sub-national immunization rounds (in high-risk areas) every year.
The Pulse Polio Initiative was started with an objective of achieving hundred per cent coverage under Oral Polio Vaccine.
It aimed to immunize children through improved social mobilization, plan mop-up operations in areas where poliovirus has almost disappeared and maintain high level of morale among the public.

Maintaining community immunity through high quality National and Sub National polio rounds each year.
An extremely high level of vigilance through surveillance across the country for any importation or circulation of poliovirus and VDPV is being maintained.
All States and Union Territories in the country have developed a Rapid Response Team (RRT) to respond to any polio outbreak in the country.
To reduce risk of importation from neighbouring countries, international border vaccination is being provided through continuous vaccination teams (CVT) to all eligible children round the clock.
Government of India has issued guidelines for mandatory requirement of polio vaccination to all international travelers before their departure from India to polio affected countries namely: Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Syria and Cameroon.

-Source: The Hindu