India’s metro network and ridership quadrupled in the last decade
Why in News ? Relevance: Background & Evolution Leading Metro Systems (Operational Length, 2025) City Network Length (km) Daily Ridership (approx.) Delhi 394 65 lakh Bengaluru (Namma Metro) 96 10 lakh Mumbai 80.2 8.5 lakh Kolkata 74 6 lakh Hyderabad 69.2 4.7 lakh Chennai 54 3.19 lakh Pune 33.2 2.18 lakh Fare Structure & Economics […]
India’s per capita income to cross $5000 by 2031
Why in News ? Relevance Key Data & Projections Indicator 2023 2031 (Projected) Per Capita Income (USD) 2,729 5,242 Share of Upper-Middle Income Households 11% (2010) 24% (2035) Non-essential Spending Share 1950s: <20% Now: ~60% Premium Product Growth 2–3× faster than mass market Top 20% Households Hold ~85% of savings, drive consumption Relevant Keywords Structural […]
Municipal bonds now eligible for repo, reverse repo deals
Why in News ? Relevance Concept Basics: What are Municipal Bonds Significance of Allowing Repo Eligibility Liquidity and Depth Broader Investor Base Infrastructure Financing Fiscal Decentralization Inclusion in Money Market Ecosystem Challenges & Constraints Challenge Explanation Low Credit Quality of ULBs Most municipalities have weak balance sheets, limited revenue sources (property tax collection <0.2% of […]
Restoring fiscal space for the States
Why is it in the News? Relevance GST and Fiscal Policy GST Introduction: Centre-State Fiscal Relations: Revenue Sharing History: Overview Impact of GST Compensation Cess Merger Erosion of Fiscal Autonomy Structural Issues in State Finances Proposed Solutions for Greater Fiscal Autonomy Comparative Perspective Takeaway
Mokyr, Aghion and Howitt win Nobel economics prize
The Nobel Economics Prize 2025 Relevance Laureates’ Contributions 1. Joel Mokyr 2. Philippe Aghion & Peter Howitt Key Concepts Innovation-Driven Growth Creative Destruction Historical Economic Stagnation Implications of the Research Historical Context of the Prize Key Takeaways
The grain of ethanol production
Why in News Relevance Basic Overview Trends in Ethanol Production Reasons for Grain Dominance Economic & Policy Implications Wider Implications A. Energy & Environment B. Agricultural C. Economic D. Policy Challenges
Why Indian capital needs to invest domestically
Basics Relevance Historical Evolution of Capital Key Economic Concepts Role of Domestic Capital Challenges Highlighted Policy and Strategic Recommendations Broader Implications
MGNREGA Norms Tweaked for Water Projects
Why in News Relevance What is MGNREGA? What Changed in the Norms? Classification of Blocks Financial Implications Rationale Behind the Move Strategic and Policy Implications
The India-EU Strategic Agenda
Background and Context Relevance : Economy & Trade Global Connectivity Emerging Technologies Security & Defence People-to-People Ties Strategic Takeaways
How Trump’s H-1B fee threatens India’s IT firms and Big Tech business models
Why is it in the news Relevance: Basics of H-1B visa and context Key drivers behind the policy Implications for Indian IT & Big Tech Implications for U.S. innovation & economy Policy design critique Strategic & geopolitical angle