Static Quiz 12 February 2025 (Modern History)
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Static Quiz 12 February 2025 (Modern History) For UPSC Exam
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- Question 1 of 5
1. Question
Consider the following:
1. Impoverishment of the peasantry.
2. Development of plantation industries.
3. Ruin of old zamindars and rise of a new class of landlords.
How many of the above were outcomes of economic policies of the Britishers in India?CorrectQ1.c
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is correct: The peasant turned out to be the ultimate sufferer under the triple burden of the Government, zamindar, and moneylender. His hardship increased at the time of famine and scarcity. This was as much true for the zamindari areas as for areas under Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems. The peasant became landless.
2. Statement 2 is correct: Apart from machine-based industries, the 19th century also witnessed the growth of plantation industries such as indigo, tea, and coffee. The commercialisation trend reached the highest level of development in the plantation sector, i.e., in tea, coffee, rubber, indigo, etc., which was mostly owned by Europeans, and the produce was for sale in a wider market.
3. Statement 3 is correct: The heaviness of land revenue under the Permanent Settlement Act and rigid law of collection, under which zamindari estates were ruthlessly sold in case of delay in payment of revenue, worked havoc for the first few years. By 1815, nearly half of the landed property of Bengal was transferred from the old zamindars who had traditions of showing consideration for the tenants.IncorrectQ1.c
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is correct: The peasant turned out to be the ultimate sufferer under the triple burden of the Government, zamindar, and moneylender. His hardship increased at the time of famine and scarcity. This was as much true for the zamindari areas as for areas under Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems. The peasant became landless.
2. Statement 2 is correct: Apart from machine-based industries, the 19th century also witnessed the growth of plantation industries such as indigo, tea, and coffee. The commercialisation trend reached the highest level of development in the plantation sector, i.e., in tea, coffee, rubber, indigo, etc., which was mostly owned by Europeans, and the produce was for sale in a wider market.
3. Statement 3 is correct: The heaviness of land revenue under the Permanent Settlement Act and rigid law of collection, under which zamindari estates were ruthlessly sold in case of delay in payment of revenue, worked havoc for the first few years. By 1815, nearly half of the landed property of Bengal was transferred from the old zamindars who had traditions of showing consideration for the tenants. - Question 2 of 5
2. Question
Consider the following statements with respect to civilian and tribal uprisings during British India:
1. Chuar Rebellion was suppressed by the Paiks (hereditary policemen) with the support of Britishers.
2. Faraizi Revolt initially began as a peasant movement and later turned into a religious movement under Dudu Miyan.
3. The Kuka Movement of Punjab was part of the Namdhari Movement.
How many of the statements given above are correct?CorrectQ2.a
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is not correct: The Chuar Rebellion took place in the southwest region of West Bengal’s Bankura district. The rebellion peaked during 1798–1799, and it was primarily aimed at the exploitative land revenue policy of the British colonizers. Chuar rebellion was led by the Chuars (local tribesmen) and Paiks (hereditary policemen). Paiks supported the rebellion as they had served as policemen and guards for generations and were now thrown out of their jobs by the British.
2. Statement 2 is not correct: The Faraizi movement was founded by Haji Shariatullah in the 19th century. Initially, it began as a religious movement but later turned into a peasant movement under Shariatullah’s son Dudu Miyan. The Faraizi uprising instilled an anti-colonial consciousness in rural Bengal.
3. Statement 3 is correct: The Kuka movement was the major reaction of the people of Punjab to the new political order introduced by the British. The Kuka Movement was an important phase of the Namdhari Movement. The Namdhari Movement aimed at overthrowing British rule. The Namdharis were also known as Kukas.IncorrectQ2.a
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is not correct: The Chuar Rebellion took place in the southwest region of West Bengal’s Bankura district. The rebellion peaked during 1798–1799, and it was primarily aimed at the exploitative land revenue policy of the British colonizers. Chuar rebellion was led by the Chuars (local tribesmen) and Paiks (hereditary policemen). Paiks supported the rebellion as they had served as policemen and guards for generations and were now thrown out of their jobs by the British.
2. Statement 2 is not correct: The Faraizi movement was founded by Haji Shariatullah in the 19th century. Initially, it began as a religious movement but later turned into a peasant movement under Shariatullah’s son Dudu Miyan. The Faraizi uprising instilled an anti-colonial consciousness in rural Bengal.
3. Statement 3 is correct: The Kuka movement was the major reaction of the people of Punjab to the new political order introduced by the British. The Kuka Movement was an important phase of the Namdhari Movement. The Namdhari Movement aimed at overthrowing British rule. The Namdharis were also known as Kukas. - Question 3 of 5
3. Question
Consider the following statements regarding the evolution of policing system under the British rule:
1. Warren Hastings abolished the policing functions of the Zamindars.
2. During the administrative system of Lord Cornwallis, District Collectors combined the duties of revenue collection and police duties as Magistrates.
3. The Police Act of 1861 established the police organisation as a separate department of government.
Which of the statements given above are correct?CorrectQ3.c
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is not correct: Warren Hastings retained the post of the fauzdars and utilized the policing functions of the Zamindars during the early phase of Company rule. Later, the Regulation XXII of 1793 abolished the policing rights of Zamindars.
2. Statement 2 is correct: In the system of administration evolved by Lord Cornwallis, District Collectors combined the duties of revenue collection and the police duties as Magistrates. These functions were separated briefly at the recommendation of the Bird Committee (1808-12) when separate District Superintendents of Police were appointed. However, in 1844, the functions of the Collector, the Magistrate, and the Police were again combined to tackle the problem of the increasing incidences of property crimes.
3. Statement 3 is correct: The Police Act of 1861 was enacted based on the recommendations of the Police Commission of 1860. The Act was applied to various provinces except Bombay and Madras. However, separate Police Acts were framed for these two provinces. As a result of the enactment of these acts, the Police organization emerged as a distinct department of government with some degree of military discipline.IncorrectQ3.c
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is not correct: Warren Hastings retained the post of the fauzdars and utilized the policing functions of the Zamindars during the early phase of Company rule. Later, the Regulation XXII of 1793 abolished the policing rights of Zamindars.
2. Statement 2 is correct: In the system of administration evolved by Lord Cornwallis, District Collectors combined the duties of revenue collection and the police duties as Magistrates. These functions were separated briefly at the recommendation of the Bird Committee (1808-12) when separate District Superintendents of Police were appointed. However, in 1844, the functions of the Collector, the Magistrate, and the Police were again combined to tackle the problem of the increasing incidences of property crimes.
3. Statement 3 is correct: The Police Act of 1861 was enacted based on the recommendations of the Police Commission of 1860. The Act was applied to various provinces except Bombay and Madras. However, separate Police Acts were framed for these two provinces. As a result of the enactment of these acts, the Police organization emerged as a distinct department of government with some degree of military discipline. - Question 4 of 5
4. Question
With reference to Santhal Hul of 1855, consider the following statements:
1. It was a tribal uprising against the Britishers led by Birsa Munda.
2. The local zamindars backed the uprising out of their frustration with the British land revenue policies.
3. The Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act of 1876 was enacted by the British as a result of this uprising.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?CorrectQ4.a
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is not correct: The Santhal Hul of 1855 was a revolt against imperialism led by four brothers, Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav Murmu, along with sisters Phulo and Jhano.
2. Statement 2 is not correct: The local zamindars did not back the Santhal Hul uprising. In fact, the Santhals also fought against the upper castes, zamindars, darogas, and moneylenders, described by the umbrella term ‘diku’, in an attempt to safeguard the economic, cultural, and religious aspects of their lives.
3. Statement 3 is correct: The Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act of 1876 (SPT Act) enacted by the British, which prohibits the transfer of Adivasi lands (urban or rural land) to non-Adivasis, was the result of the Hul. The land can only be inherited as per the Act, thus retaining the rights of Santhals to self-govern their land.IncorrectQ4.a
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is not correct: The Santhal Hul of 1855 was a revolt against imperialism led by four brothers, Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav Murmu, along with sisters Phulo and Jhano.
2. Statement 2 is not correct: The local zamindars did not back the Santhal Hul uprising. In fact, the Santhals also fought against the upper castes, zamindars, darogas, and moneylenders, described by the umbrella term ‘diku’, in an attempt to safeguard the economic, cultural, and religious aspects of their lives.
3. Statement 3 is correct: The Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act of 1876 (SPT Act) enacted by the British, which prohibits the transfer of Adivasi lands (urban or rural land) to non-Adivasis, was the result of the Hul. The land can only be inherited as per the Act, thus retaining the rights of Santhals to self-govern their land. - Question 5 of 5
5. Question
Consider the following statements with respect to the development of education under British rule in India:
1. The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging the study of modern sciences in the country.
2. Lord Macaulay’s minute led to the establishment of the Department of Education in all provinces.
3. The mass literacy in India was much better in 1921 than in 1821 due to the British education policies.
How many of the statements given above are correct?CorrectQ5.a
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is correct: The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting the knowledge of modern sciences in the country. The Act directed the Company to spend the sum of one lakh of rupees for the purpose. But even this petty amount was not made available by the Company authorities till 1823.
2. Statement 2 is not correct: The Secretary of State’s Educational Dispatch of 1854, also known as Wood’s Dispatch, was another important step in the development of education in India. The Dispatch asked the Government of India to assume responsibility for the education of the masses. It thus repudiated the “downward filtration” theory, at least on paper. In practice, the Government did little to spread education and spent very little on it. As a result of the directions given by the Dispatch, Departments of Education were instituted in all provinces and affiliating Universities were set up in 1857 at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, the famous Bengali novelist, became in 1858 one of the first two graduates of Calcutta University.
3. Statement 3 is not correct: A major weakness of the educational system was the neglect of mass education, with the result that mass literacy in India was hardly better in 1921 than in 1821. As many as 94 per cent of Indians were illiterate in 1911 and 92 per cent in 1921. The emphasis on English as the medium of instruction in place of the Indian languages also prevented the spread of education to the masses. It further tended to create a wide gulf between educated persons and the masses. Moreover, the costly nature of higher education tended to make it a monopoly of the richer classes and the city-dwellers.IncorrectQ5.a
Explanation:
1. Statement 1 is correct: The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting the knowledge of modern sciences in the country. The Act directed the Company to spend the sum of one lakh of rupees for the purpose. But even this petty amount was not made available by the Company authorities till 1823.
2. Statement 2 is not correct: The Secretary of State’s Educational Dispatch of 1854, also known as Wood’s Dispatch, was another important step in the development of education in India. The Dispatch asked the Government of India to assume responsibility for the education of the masses. It thus repudiated the “downward filtration” theory, at least on paper. In practice, the Government did little to spread education and spent very little on it. As a result of the directions given by the Dispatch, Departments of Education were instituted in all provinces and affiliating Universities were set up in 1857 at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, the famous Bengali novelist, became in 1858 one of the first two graduates of Calcutta University.
3. Statement 3 is not correct: A major weakness of the educational system was the neglect of mass education, with the result that mass literacy in India was hardly better in 1921 than in 1821. As many as 94 per cent of Indians were illiterate in 1911 and 92 per cent in 1921. The emphasis on English as the medium of instruction in place of the Indian languages also prevented the spread of education to the masses. It further tended to create a wide gulf between educated persons and the masses. Moreover, the costly nature of higher education tended to make it a monopoly of the richer classes and the city-dwellers.