Context :
- India saw 60 internet shutdowns in 2024, the lowest in eight years.
- This marks a decrease from 96 shutdowns in 2023 and a peak of 132 in 2020.
Relevance : GS 2(Governance )
Historical Context:
- 2020 Peak: Highest number of shutdowns due to the abrogation of Article 370 in J&K.
- Shutdowns have been particularly frequent in J&K and Manipur due to political unrest and security concerns.
Recent Trends:
- Reduction in Shutdowns: The reduction is largely seen in J&K and Manipur, suggesting possible administrative stabilization.
- Strategic Shutdowns: Temporary shutdowns were observed in Haryana (Ambala) due to farmer agitations and in Manipur due to law and order situations.
Government’s Stance:
- The government defends shutdowns as necessary for controlling unrest and preventing misuse by anti–social elements.
- Lack of Centralized Data: The Union government does not maintain centralized data on internet shutdowns or assess their economic impact, despite ongoing parliamentary queries.
Digital Rights Concerns:
- Digital rights groups criticize shutdowns for violating freedom of expression and the right to information.
- Shutdowns are often imposed without transparency, with authorities failing to comply with Supreme Court orders to publish them.
Economic Impact:
- Shutdowns have significant economic costs, affecting sectors like tourism, education, healthcare, and business operations.
- The government has not conducted studies to evaluate the economic consequences of internet shutdowns.
Global Criticism:
- India ranks as one of the highest deployers of internet shutdowns globally, drawing criticism from international bodies.
- Persistent shutdowns may strain diplomatic relations, especially with countries prioritizing digital rights.
The Way Forward:
- Policy Reform Needed: Calls for a more structured and transparent approach to internet shutdowns, with defined criteria for their use.
- Independent Studies: The government should commission studies on the social, economic, and political consequences of shutdowns.
- Engagement with Civil Society: Collaboration with digital rights groups to develop balanced policies that safeguard both security and citizens’ digital rights.
