Current Affairs Quiz 11 June 2022

The Environment Performance Index (EPI) is an international ranking system that measures environmental health and sustainability of countries.
o The EPI, a biennial index, was started in 2002 as Environmental Sustainability Index by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network.

Rajya Sabha Elections
There are three types of representation in Rajya Sabha :
Representation of States in Rajya Sabha:
• Members are elected by the elected members of state legislative assemblies
• Election Principle used – Proportional Representation by means of Single Transferable Vote
• The population of the state is a factor that decides the representation of states in Rajya Sabha
Representation of Union Territories in Rajya Sabha:
• Members of Rajya Sabha belonging to Union Territories are indirectly elected by members of an electoral college, that is constituted for this purpose
• Election Principle used – Proportional Representation by means of Single Transferable Vote

Two changes were made to Rajya Sabha election in 2003:
1. To be elected as a Rajya Sabha member from a particular state, the requirement to be an elector from that state was removed.
2. System of the open ballot was introduced in place of secret ballot system.

Constitutional Provisions:
State Subject: ‘Prisons/persons detained therein’ is a State subject under Entry 4 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India.
• Administration and management of prisons is the responsibility of respective State Governments.
• However, the Ministry of Home Affairs provides regular guidance and advice to States and UTs on various issues concerning prisons and prison inmates.
Article 39A: Article 39A of the Constitution directs the State to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.
• Right to free legal aid or free legal service is an essential fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution.
• It forms the basis of reasonable, fair and just liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution of India, which says, “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Water pollution by organic wastes is measured in terms of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
• BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by bacteria in decomposing the organic wastes present in water. It is expressed in milligrams of oxygen per liter of water.
• The higher value of BOD indicates a low DO content of water.
• Since BOD is limited to biodegradable materials, it is not a reliable method of measuring water pollution.

The ‘Talle Valley Wildlife Sanctuary’ is located in Arunachal Pradesh