Context:
Preventive detentions in 2021 saw a rise by over 23.7% compared with the year before, with over 1.1 lakh people being placed under preventive detention, according to statistics released by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
Relevance:
GS-II: Polity and Governance (Constitutional Provisions, Fundamental Rights), GS-II: Governance (Government Policies and Interventions)
Dimensions of the Article:
- About Preventive Detention in India
- Criticisms of Preventive detention
- The argument in favour of Preventive detention
- Recent SC Judgement on Preventive Detention
About Preventive Detention in India
- As the term suggests – Preventive detention helps to prevent a person from committing a crime.
- Article 22 deals with 2 kinds of detentions:
- Preventive
- Punitive
- Article 22 (3) (b) of the Constitution allows for preventive detention and restriction on personal liberty for reasons of state security and public order.
- According to Article 22 (4)- in case of preventive detention as well, the person being detained should be informed of the grounds of arrest, however, in case the authorities consider that it is against the public interest to disclose certain facts, they need not reveal them.
- The person cannot be detained under preventive detention for more than 3 months unless permission to do so has been granted by an advisory board consisting of 3 judges of the Supreme Court.
- The other way by which the period of detention can be extended beyond 3 months is if the Parliament prescribes a law for it.
- Acts by the Parliament which provide for extension of Preventive detention period beyond 3 months:
- National Security Act (NSA) 1980;
- Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA) 1974;
- Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) 1967, etc.
- Many State legislatures have enacted similar laws that authorize preventive detention.
Criticisms of Preventive detention
- Preventive detention becomes a human rights concern as there have been various incidents of misuse of such laws in India.
- Preventive detention represents the police power of the State.
- No other democratic country mentions preventive detention in its constitution and such laws come into effect only under emergency conditions in democratic countries.
The argument in favour of Preventive detention
- Arbitrary action the State is prevented in India as the areas in the context of which Preventive detention laws can be made are laid down in the 7th Schedule of the Constitution itself.
- In the Union list – laws for Preventive detention can be enacted only for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign Affairs, or the Security of India.
- In the Concurrent list – laws for Preventive detention can be enacted only for reasons connected with Security of a State, the Maintenance of Public Order, or the Maintenance of Essential Supplies and Services.
Recent SC Judgement on Preventive Detention
- The SC said the State should not arbitrarily resort to “preventive detention” to deal with all and sundry “law and order” problems, which could be dealt with by the ordinary laws of the country.
- Preventive detention is a necessary evil only to prevent public disorder. The court must ensure that the facts brought before it directly and inevitably lead to a harm, danger or alarm or feeling of insecurity among the general public or any section thereof at large.
- Whenever an order under a preventive detention law is challenged, one of the questions the court must ask in deciding its legality is: was the ordinary law of the land sufficient to deal with the situation? If the answer is in the affirmative, the detention order will be illegal.
- Preventive detention must fall within the four corners of Article 21 (due process of law) read with Article 22 (safeguards against arbitrary arrest and detention) and the statute in question.
- Mere contravention of law, such as indulging in cheating or criminal breach of trust, certainly affects ‘law and order’, but before it can be said to affect ‘public order’, it must affect the community or the public at large
-Source: The Hindu
