Content:
- India’s goods trade deficit at 42-month low following dip in gold, crude imports
- The barriers faced by construction workers
- Why are electoral reforms necessary?
- SC to examine petition on CAG appointment process
- How climate change is affecting India’s wheat production cycle
India’s goods trade deficit at 42-month low following dip in gold, crude imports
Context : Trade Deficit Decline:
- India’s goods trade deficit fell to $14.05 billion in February 2025, marking a 42-month low.
- The trade deficit was $22.9 billion in January 2025 and $19.5 billion in February 2024.
Relevance : GS 3(Economy)

- Import Trends:
- Gold & Silver Imports:
- Dropped to $2.7 billion, the lowest since June 2024 ($2.5 billion).
- Gold & Silver Imports:
- Crude & Petroleum Imports:Declined to $11.89 billion, the lowest since July 2023 ($11.81 billion).
- Overall Imports:Fell to $50.9 billion, the lowest in 22 months.YoY contraction: -16.3% compared to February 2024.
- Export Trends:
- Total Exports: $36.9 billion in February 2025.
- YoY Decline: -10.84% compared to February 2024.
- Reason for Decline:
- Base year effect due to leap month, as per ICRA’s Chief Economist Aditi Nayar.
- Macroeconomic Perspective:
- The trade deficit in February 2025 was significantly lower than the FY2025 average (over $23 billion in the first 10 months).
Implications
- Lower gold, silver, and crude imports contributed to reducing the trade deficit.
- Weaker global demand and domestic slowdown might have impacted exports.
- A narrowing trade deficit could ease pressure on India’s current account balance.
The barriers faced by construction workers
Sector Overview
- Construction industry contributes 9% to India’s GDP, projected to reach $1.4 trillion by 2025.
- Workforce expected to grow to 3 crore by 2030.
- Labour shortages raised as a concern by Larsen & Toubro CMD N. Subrahmanyan.
Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues)
Challenges Faced by Construction Workers
- Fragmented employment:
- Frequent relocations, job insecurity, inconsistent welfare access.
- Legal framework issues:
- BOCW Act, 1996 provides for worker welfare, but implementation is weak.
- ₹70,000 crore construction cess collected, but 75% remains unutilised.
- Barriers to Welfare Access:
- Lack of documentation (ID proof, residence proof, birth certificates).
- Employment certificate (90-day work validation) often denied by employers.
- State-wise variations in verification protocols create confusion.
- Inefficiencies in welfare disbursement:
- Digital infrastructure gaps lead to delays in benefit transfers.
- Seasonal employment disruptions (e.g., heat waves, pollution bans) worsen financial insecurity.
- No inter-State portability—workers lose benefits when relocating.
Proposed Solutions
- Unified National Labour Identification System:
- Similar to One Nation One Ration Card for inter-State benefit portability.
- Linking BOCW registrations with UAN on e-Shram to ensure access across States.
- Digital Public Infrastructure:
- Open-source centralized welfare portal with standard workflows.
- Aadhaar-linked verification to reduce administrative delays.
- Simplifying Documentation Requirements:
- Accepting alternative proofs to ease registration.
- Conducting on-site bulk registrations for large construction projects.
- Skill Development and Workplace Standards:
- Training programs to address labour shortages.
- Ensuring safe and dignified work conditions to improve retention.
Why are electoral reforms necessary?
Context : Legal Provisions and Evolution of Voting Process
- Article 324: Empowers the Election Commission (EC) to supervise and control elections in India.
- Representation of the People Act, 1950 & Registration of Electors Rules, 1960: Governs electoral rolls and voter registration.
- Evolution of Voting:
- 1952 & 1957: Separate ballot boxes for each candidate.
- 1962: Introduction of ballot papers with names and symbols.
- 2004: EVMs used in all constituencies.
- 2019: VVPAT slips introduced for transparency.
Relevance : GS 2(Election System)
Key Issues in Electoral Process
- EVM & VVPAT Controversy:
- Supreme Court rejected a PIL demanding a return to paper ballots.
- Matching of 100% VVPAT slips with EVM count denied; currently, only 5 EVMs per constituency are verified.
- Court allowed second/third-placed candidates to request verification of 5% of EVMs within 7 days of results.
- Electoral Roll Manipulation Allegations:
- Accusations of fake voters added to electoral rolls, especially in Maharashtra & Delhi elections.
- Identical EPIC numbers in different states (West Bengal, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab) raised concerns.
- EC explained that duplication arose due to earlier decentralised EPIC allocation before ERONET integration.
Issues in Election Campaigns
- Abusive Campaigning: ‘Star Campaigners’ often violate the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) with communal rhetoric and defamatory remarks.
- Election Expenditure Violations:
- Candidates exceed spending limits, but no cap exists for political parties.
- 2024 Lok Sabha elections estimated at₹1,00,000 crore.
- High expenditure fuels corruption and the quid pro quo system.
- Criminalization of Politics:
- 46% of MPs (251 out of 543) in 2024 have criminal cases.
- 31% (170 MPs) face serious charges like murder, rape, and kidnapping.
Required Electoral Reforms
- EVM & VVPAT Reforms:
- Scientific determination of VVPAT verification sample size, ensuring one error leads to full VVPAT count in that region.
- Introduction of ‘Totaliser’ machines (recommended by EC in 2016) to aggregate votes from 14 EVMs to prevent booth-level voter targeting.
- Electoral Roll Integrity:
- Consider linking Aadhaar with EPIC after thorough stakeholder discussions.
- Ensure unique EPIC numbers across states to eliminate duplications.
- Campaign Finance & Conduct:
- EC should have the power to revoke ‘Star Campaigner’ status for MCC violations.
- Amend laws to include party funding to candidates within spending limits.
- Impose ceilings on party expenditure during elections.
- Addressing Criminalization:
- Enforce SC-mandated publicity of criminal records of candidates three times before elections via newspapers and electronic media.
SC to examine petition on CAG appointment process
Context :
- The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a petition challenging the Centre’s exclusive control over the appointment of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG).
- The plea argues that the CAG’s independence is compromised when the Executive alone controls its appointment.
- The petitioner suggests a more transparent and non-partisan selection process.
Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Constitutional Bodies)
Key Legal Provisions Involved
- Article 148(1) of the Constitution:
- States that the CAG is appointed by the President of India.
- However, it does not prescribe a detailed appointment procedure.
- CAG’s removal process is similar to that of a Supreme Court judge.
- Current Appointment Process:
- The Executive (Union government) has sole discretion in appointing the CAG.
- There is no formal consultation with other stakeholders, unlike in the appointment of Election Commissioners or CBI Directors.
Petitioner’s Arguments
- Threat to Independence:
- CAG is a watchdog of financial accountability, overseeing Union, State, and Panchayati Raj institutions.
- A politically influenced appointment process undermines the impartiality of audits.
- Need for a Selection Committee:
- The petitioner suggests forming a non-partisan selection committee consisting of:
- The Prime Minister
- The Leader of the Opposition
- The Chief Justice of India
- This would prevent political bias in CAG appointments.
- The petitioner suggests forming a non-partisan selection committee consisting of:
- Recent Concerns with CAG’s Functioning:
- The petition refers to declining audits of the Union government.
- Raises concerns about the “pause” in Maharashtra audits and selective reporting of financial irregularities.
Supreme Court’s Observations
- Justice Surya Kant raised a constitutional concern:
- Would judicial intervention amount to rewriting Article 148?
- The Constitution does not specify an appointment process, leaving it to the Executive.
- The Bench also noted that institutions should be trusted but agreed to examine the petition.
Broader Implications
- Judicial Precedents on Institutional Independence:
- The Supreme Court has previously intervened in Election Commission appointments (2023) and CBI Director selection to ensure independence.
- A similar move in the CAG’s case could set a precedent for reforms in other constitutional appointments.
- Potential for Reforms:
- If the Court rules in favor of the petitioner, it could lead to:
- A structured appointment mechanism with transparency.
- Greater accountability and trust in the auditing process.
- If the Court rules in favor of the petitioner, it could lead to:
- Separation of Powers Concern:
- Critics may argue that judicial intervention in executive appointments could violate the doctrine of separation of powers.
- A delicate balance must be struck between judicial oversight and executive prerogative.
Way Forward
- The case could lead to a landmark judgment affecting financial accountability in governance.
- If the Court recommends reforms, Parliament may need to legislate a new appointment process.
- Regardless of the outcome, the debate highlights the urgent need for strengthening the independence of constitutional bodies.
How climate change is affecting India’s wheat production cycle
Wheat Production in India
- Geographical Spread: Primarily grown in Indo-Gangetic plains—Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh.
- Rabi Crop: Sown between October and December; harvested between February and April.
- Procurement Targets:
- 2025-26: 30 million tonnes.
- 2024-25: 26.6 million tonnes (below 34.15 million tonne target).
- Export Restrictions:
- May 2022: Wheat exports banned post-Russia-Ukraine war due to global price hikes and food security concerns.
Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Environment )
Rising Temperatures and Impact on Wheat Growth
- Record Heat:
- February 2025: Warmest in 124 years.
- March 2025: Expected above-normal temperatures and heat waves.
- Heat Stress on Wheat:
- Accelerates flowering and ripening → reduces grain-filling period.
- Lowers starch accumulation → smaller, lighter grains with lower yield.
- Increases protein content but reduces milling quality → market price drops.
Scientific Insights into Heat Stress on Wheat
- Physiological Impact:
- Alters photosynthesis, respiration, water-nutrient absorption.
- Affects biomass, grain count, and size.
- Critical Growth Stages Susceptible to Heat:
- Emergence: Seed sprouts and first leaf appears.
- Growth Stage 1: Shoots develop, plant begins flower formation.
- Growth Stage 2 (Most Vulnerable): Transition from vegetative to reproductive stage.
- Growth Stage 3: Grain-filling and maturity phase—high temperatures can severely impact yield.
Role of Indian Ocean Warming & Monsoon Shift
- Warming Trends: Indian Ocean heating at an accelerated rate.
- By 2100: Expected to remain in a “near-permanent heat wave state.”
- Heat wave frequency may rise from 20 days/year to 220-250 days/year.
- Monsoon Impact:
- Kharif season (summer crops) is delayed → pushes Rabi sowing later.
- Delayed wheat sowing → overlaps with early heat waves, affecting yield.
Secondary Effects of Heat Stress on Wheat Farming
- Overuse of Fertilizers & Chemicals:
- Farmers compensate for low yield by excessive pesticide and fertilizer use.
- Leads to inefficient resource utilization and soil degradation.
- Supply Chain and Market Impact:
- Lower quality wheat faces price cuts.
- Losses in domestic food security and procurement shortfalls.
Adaptation & Mitigation Strategies
- Short-Term Measures:
- Compensation: Financial aid for farmers facing heat-stress losses.
- Crop Insurance & Subsidies: To ensure stability despite climatic risks.
- Long-Term Strategies:
- Climate-Resilient Wheat Varieties: Research and distribution of heat-resistant crops.
- Policy Changes:
- Adjust sowing dates to avoid heat wave overlap.
- Promote early sowing in regions prone to early temperature rise.
- Tech-Based Interventions:
- Weather monitoring systems and advisory services for farmers.
- Improved agricultural management with precision farming techniques.
- Holistic Approach Needed:
- Not just wheat but entire food systems require climate adaptation.
- Balancing food security, yield stability, and resource conservation is key.