Current Affairs 15 June 2024

CONTENTS

1. Growth in Coal-Fired Thermal Capacity and Alleged Misrepresentation of Coal Quality
2. Global Economic Prospects Report
3. Atomic Clock
4. Crete Island
5. Ultrasound Imaging
6. Ozone-Depleting Substances
7. Jyotirmath and Pargana Shri Kainchi Dham.

Growth in Coal-Fired Thermal Capacity and Alleged Misrepresentation of Coal Quality

Context:

According to the data on NITI Aayog’s energy dashboard, India’s coal-fired thermal capacity grew to 218 GW in FY24 from 205 GW in FY20, marking a 6% growth. Additionally, a recent report alleges that in 2014, a company misrepresented low-grade Indonesian coal as high-quality and sold it to a public power generation company in Tamil Nadu.

Relevance:

GS III: Indian Economy

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Current Status of India’s Power Sector
2. Grade of Coal Produced in India
3. Challenges in the Thermal Power Sector
4. Strategies for Improvement

Current Status of India’s Power Sector

• Demand-Supply Mismatch: The power market is facing a growing demand-supply imbalance due to a slowdown in new coal-fired power plant capacity and insufficient storage options for renewable energy.
• Grid Pressure: This imbalance has strained the country’s grid managers, particularly during periods of soaring temperatures with high power demand.
• Increased Coal-Fired Power: The share of coal-fired power generation increased from 71% in FY2019-20 to 75% in FY2023-24.
• Thermal Plant Generation: Coal-fired thermal plants increased generation by 34%, from 960 billion units (BU) to 1,290 BU, with the average plant load factor (PLF) rising from 53% to 68%.
• Thermal Capacity Addition: Over the past five years, thermal capacity addition fell short of government targets by an average of 54% annually, with the private sector contributing only 7% of new capacity.
• Private Sector Contribution: The private sector added only 1.7 GW, or 7%, of the total thermal capacity in the last five years.
• Investment in Thermal Power: There has been a push for new thermal power projects, including private sector investments, with a goal of adding 80 GW of new thermal power capacity by 2032.
• Renewable Energy Growth: India’s solar capacity doubled to 81 GW, and wind power capacity grew by 22% to reach 46 GW.
• Cost of New Plants: Setting up a new coal plant (Rs 8.34 crore per MW) is significantly more expensive compared to a solar power plant (per MW cost is much lower).

Grade of Coal Produced in India

• Gross Calorific Value (GCV): Determines the grade of coal based on the heat or energy produced from burning it. Higher carbon content means better quality or ‘grade.’
• Composition of Coal: A mixture of carbon, ash, moisture, and other impurities. Indian coal generally has high ash content and low calorific value compared to imported coal.
• Uses of Coal: Primarily used in thermal power plants and blast furnaces for steel production, requiring different types of coal.
• Coking Coal: Needed for producing coke, essential in steelmaking, with minimal ash content.
• Non-Coking Coal: Used to generate heat for boilers and turbines, despite higher ash content.
• Characteristics of Indian Coal: Domestic thermal coal has an average GCV of 3,500-4,000 kcal/kg, while imported coal has over 6,000 kcal/kg. Indian coal has over 40% ash content, compared to less than 10% in imported coal.
• Environmental Impact: Burning high-ash coal results in higher emissions of particulate matter, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide.
• Blending with Imported Coal: The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) recommended in 2012 that blending 10-15% imported coal can be safely used in Indian power boilers.
• Clean Coal Technologies: Achieved by increasing carbon content and reducing ash content through washing plants or coal gasification. The resulting syngas can be used more efficiently to generate electricity.
• Coal Production in 2023-24: India produced 997 million tonnes of coal, an 11% increase from the previous year, primarily from state-owned Coal India Ltd and its subsidiaries.
• Continued Reliance on Coal: Despite commitments to shift from fossil fuels, coal remains the main energy source in India.

Challenges in the Thermal Power Sector

Key Issues:

• Rising Demand vs. Capacity: The growing electricity demand is outpacing the development of new thermal power plant capacity, particularly from renewable sources due to their intermittent nature.
• Dependence on Coal: Coal continues to be the dominant source of power generation, despite its environmental drawbacks and escalating costs.
• Private Sector Reluctance: Financial and environmental concerns are making the private sector hesitant to invest in new coal plants.
• Quality of Domestic Coal: Domestic coal has a lower calorific value and higher ash content compared to imported coal, leading to increased emissions.
• Insufficient Battery Storage: Large-scale battery storage solutions, essential for integrating renewable energy into the grid, are still underdeveloped.

Strategies for Improvement

• Boost Renewable Energy:
  • Accelerate the expansion of solar and wind energy, focusing on grid integration solutions such as large-scale battery storage.
• Adopt Emission Reduction Technologies:
  • Implement technologies like Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) to lower emissions from existing coal plants.
• Provide Incentives for Clean Energy:
  • Offer financial and regulatory incentives to encourage private sector investment in cleaner and more efficient power generation technologies.
• Promote Energy Efficiency:
  • Encourage energy efficiency measures to reduce overall demand and lessen the load on the grid.
• Modernize Grid Infrastructure:
  • Upgrade grid infrastructure to better handle the integration of variable renewable energy sources and enhance overall efficiency.
• Explore Alternative Energy Sources:
  • Investigate alternative energy sources such as clean coal gasification, gravity batteries, ocean energy, and nuclear power (with stringent safety protocols) to meet energy demands.

-Source: Indian Express

Global Economic Prospects Report

Context:

According to the recently released Global Economic Prospects Report by the World Bank, India is predicted to remain the fastest-growing major economy globally, with a projected GDP growth rate of 6.6% for FY25.

Relevance:

GS III: Indian Economy

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Global Findings
2. South Asian Region (SAR) Findings
3. India-Specific Findings
4. Risks to the Global Economy Identified in the Report
5. Policy Challenges in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDE)

Global Findings:

• Economic Stabilisation: For the first time in three years, the global economy is expected to stabilise in 2024.
• GDP Growth: Global GDP is projected to grow by 2.6% for 2024-25 and is anticipated to increase to 2.7% in FY26 and FY27, driven by modest growth in trade and investment.
• Inflation Moderation: The World Bank forecasts a slower reduction in global inflation, with an average of 3.5% this year.
• Monetary Policy: Central banks in advanced and emerging markets are likely to be cautious about easing monetary policies due to ongoing inflationary pressures.
• Subdued Outlook: Despite some near-term improvements, the global outlook remains subdued due to geopolitical tensions, trade fragmentation, higher interest rates, and climate-related disasters.
• Global Cooperation: Emphasis is placed on the need for international cooperation to safeguard trade, support green and digital transitions, provide debt relief, and enhance food security.

South Asian Region (SAR) Findings:

• GDP Growth: In South Asia, GDP growth is projected to decrease from 6.6% in 2023 to 6.2% in 2024, primarily due to a slowdown in India’s high growth rates in recent years.
• Regional Economies: Bangladesh is expected to maintain robust growth at a slower pace, while Pakistan and Sri Lanka are anticipated to see strengthened economic activities.
• Per Capita Income: Per capita income growth in South Asia is expected to decline from 5.6% in 2023 to 5.1% in 2024-25, before slightly rising to 5.2% in 2026. This slower pace is attributed to weaker-than-expected growth in private consumption and fiscal adjustments that may reduce household income.

India-Specific Findings:

• Regional Growth Contribution: India, as the largest economy in South Asia, has significantly contributed to the region’s growth.
• Growth Rate: India’s growth rate for FY24 is estimated at 8.2%, driven by its industrial and services sectors, which have offset a slowdown in agricultural production caused by monsoon disruptions.
• Fiscal Deficit: The fiscal deficit relative to GDP in India is projected to decrease due to increased revenues from a broadened tax base.
• Trade Deficits: Narrowing trade deficits, particularly in India, contribute to overall economic stability in the South Asian region.

Risks to the Global Economy Identified in the Report:

• Armed Conflicts and Tensions: An increase in armed conflicts and heightened international tensions can lead to loss of life, infrastructure destruction, and economic instability. Conflicts in the Middle East may also disrupt oil supplies, driving up prices.
• Economic Isolation: Countries becoming economically isolated by imposing trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas can further strain global trade.
• US-China Trade War: The trade war between the US and China has disrupted supply chains, leading to higher consumer prices in both countries.
• High Inflation: Persistent high inflation reduces consumer purchasing power and discourages spending. Although higher interest rates are necessary to control inflation, they can slow economic growth and lead to job losses.
• Investment Uncertainty: When investors are uncertain about the future economic outlook, they are less willing to take risks, which can result in a decline in investments and increased stock market volatility.
• China’s Economic Slowdown: As the world’s second-largest economy, a slowdown in China can have significant global repercussions. This could stem from a real estate market crisis or internal political instability. A sharp slowdown in China reduces demand for raw materials and other goods exported by other countries, leading to job losses and economic hardships in those countries.
• Climate Change: The increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and hurricanes disrupt agricultural production, cause widespread damage to infrastructure and homes, and lead to food shortages and price hikes. Rebuilding after such disasters strains government finances.

Policy Challenges in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDE):

• High Debt Burdens: Many EMDEs struggle with high debt burdens, weak growth prospects, and downside risks.
• Need for International Cooperation: Addressing debt crises and preventing economic instability require international cooperation. The G20 Common Framework for debt restructuring is viewed as inadequate and needs improvement.
• Climate Commitments: Current global climate commitments fall short of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. EMDEs need to invest 1-10% of GDP annually to meet low-carbon development goals.
• Mobilising Resources for Climate Action: Public resources mobilisation, carbon pricing, and attracting private investment are crucial for effective climate action.
• Internet Access: About one-third of the global population lacks internet access, particularly in EMDEs.
• Catalysing Private Investment: Governments can facilitate private investment in digital infrastructure.
• Trade Fragmentation: Rising geopolitical tensions and protectionist measures fragment trade, harming EMDEs.
• Restoring Multilateral Trade: Restoring the rules-based multilateral trade system and expanding trade agreements are essential for economic stability.

-Source: The Hindu

Atomic Clock

Context:

Researchers have built a portable optical atomic clock that can be used onboard ships.

Relevance:

Science and Technology

Dimensions of the Article:

1. Overview of Atomic Clocks
2. Mechanism of Atomic Clocks
3. Types of Atomic Clocks

Overview of Atomic Clocks:

• Definition and Function:
  • An atomic clock is a device that measures time based on the vibrations of atoms.
    • Specifically, it uses the oscillations of electrons in atoms for timekeeping.
  • It is the most precise time-keeping device available, with an accuracy margin of only a few billionths of a second per day.
  • Atomic clocks are significantly more precise than conventional clocks due to the high frequency and stability of atomic oscillations.
• Applications:
  • These clocks are crucial in applications requiring high precision timing, such as GPS systems, telecommunications networks, and scientific research.

Mechanism of Atomic Clocks:

• Operational Principles:
  • Atomic clocks utilize a type of atom known as a “cesium atom.”
  • Cesium atoms are highly stable and have a specific frequency at which their electrons oscillate.
  • This frequency is fundamental to the atomic clock’s timekeeping.
  • To measure time using cesium atoms, the clock employs a “microwave cavity.”
  • The microwave cavity, filled with cesium vapor, receives a microwave signal that causes the cesium atoms to vibrate.
  • As cesium atoms vibrate, they emit radiation at a specific frequency.
  • This frequency is detected and compared to a standard frequency by a detector.
  • The difference between these frequencies is used to adjust the clock’s timekeeping.

Types of Atomic Clocks:

• Cesium Atomic Clocks:
  • The most common type, used to define the international standard for time, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
• Hydrogen Maser Atomic Clocks:
  • These are even more accurate than cesium atomic clocks and are primarily used in scientific research.

-Source: The Hindu

Crete Island

Context:

During excavations for an airport on Greece’s largest island of Crete, a large circular monument dating back 4000 years was unearthed.

Relevance:

Facts for Prelims

About Crete Island:

• Geographical Details:
  • Crete is the largest island in Greece and ranks as the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
  • It is situated in the southern part of the Aegean Sea, an extension of the Mediterranean Sea.
  • The island is bordered by the Sea of Crete to the north, the Libyan Sea to the south, the Myrtoan Sea to the west, and the Carpathian Sea to the east.
  • Crete spans an area of 8,336 square kilometers.
  • The island is elongated, stretching approximately 260 km from east to west and about 60 km at its widest point.
  • It features rugged mountain ranges running from west to east, with Mt. Ida (Psiloritis), standing at 2,456 meters, being the highest peak.

• Historical Overview:
  • Crete has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age by early hominids.
  • It is known for the Minoan Civilization, the earliest advanced European civilization, which flourished on the island between 2700-1420 BCE.
  • The Minoan Civilization ended following a major earthquake, and the Mycenaean civilization subsequently took control of the island.
  • Over the centuries, Crete was ruled by various powers including the Romans, Byzantines, Andalusians, Venetians, and Ottomans.
  • After gaining independence from Ottoman rule, Crete became part of Greece.
  • During World War II, Crete was occupied by Nazi German forces and was the site of the notable “Battle of Crete.”

-Source: The Hindu

Ultrasound Imaging

Context:

Experts highlighted the importance of ultrasound for the early detection of fatty liver disease, noting that blood tests alone might not offer a prompt diagnosis.

Relevance:

GS III: Science and Technology

About Ultrasound Imaging:

• Overview:
  • Ultrasound imaging is a noninvasive test that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to generate real-time images or videos of internal organs and soft tissues, including blood vessels.
  • This technique is also known as ultrasonography or sonography, and the resulting images are called sonograms.
  • Unlike other imaging methods, ultrasound does not use radiation, making it a safer option for various applications.

• Applications:
  • Ultrasound is widely used by healthcare providers for various purposes, including monitoring pregnancy, diagnosing medical conditions, and guiding certain medical procedures without the need for incisions.

• How It Works:
  • During an ultrasound, a healthcare provider uses a device called a transducer or probe, which is moved over the patient’s skin or inserted into a body opening.
  • A thin layer of gel is applied to the skin to help transmit the ultrasound waves from the transducer through the gel and into the body.
  • The transducer converts electrical current into high-frequency sound waves that enter the body’s tissues.
  • These sound waves bounce off internal structures and return to the transducer, which converts them back into electrical signals.
  • The density of the object affects the amount of ultrasound that bounces back, with denser objects reflecting more waves.
  • A computer processes these electrical signals to create real-time images or videos displayed on a screen.

• Limitations:
  • Ultrasound waves do not travel well through air or bone, which limits its effectiveness in imaging body parts containing gas or hidden behind bone, such as the lungs or the head.
  • Additionally, ultrasound may have difficulty visualizing objects located very deep within the body.

-Source: The Hindu

Ozone-Depleting Substances

Context:

A new study released June 11, 2024, has reported the first significant decrease in atmospheric concentrations of potent ozone-depleting substances (ODS) known as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

Relevance:

GS III: Environment and Ecology

About Ozone-depleting substances (ODS):

• These are chemicals responsible for the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer.
  • The ozone layer is vital for absorbing the majority of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, thus protecting life on Earth.
• Common ODS include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform.
• ODS are widely used in appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, and aerosol products.

The Montreal Protocol:

• Overview:
  • Signed in 1987, the Montreal Protocol is a global agreement aimed at protecting the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ODS like CFCs.
  • Since 2010, the global production of CFCs has been prohibited under this protocol.

Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol:

• Details:
  • In 2016, the Kigali Amendment was adopted by the parties to the Montreal Protocol to gradually reduce the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) globally.
  • HFCs, commonly used as alternatives to ODS like HCFCs and CFCs, are also regulated under this amendment.

-Source: The Hindu

Jyotirmath and Pargana Shri Kainchi Dham

Context:

Recently, the Uttarakhand government has renamed Joshimath tehsil as Jyotirmath and Kosiyakutoli tehsil as

Pargana Shri Kainchi Dham.

Relevance:

Facts for Prelims

Joshimath:

• It is believed to be the place where Adi Guru Shankaracharya attained enlightenment in the 8th century.
• It serves as the gateway to Badrinath Dham, one of the most significant pilgrimage destinations in Hinduism.

Kosiyakutoli:

• It has been renamed Pargana Shri Kainchi Dham in honor of Baba Neem Karoli Maharaj’s ashram located there.

Badrinath Dham:

• It is situated in the Chamoli district and is home to the sacred Badrinarayan Temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu.

-Source: Indian Express