Introduction:
The Gharana tradition, an integral aspect of Indian classical music, refers to the distinctive musical styles that have evolved through generations of musicians. Originating from the decline of the Mughal empire and the subsequent establishment of princely states, Gharanas were born out of the quest for uniqueness and royal patronage. These Gharanas are schools of thought and practice, each with its own set of principles, passed down from guru to disciple.
Evolution of Gharana Tradition:
- Emerged during the waning days of the Mughal empire, as artistic culture dispersed to princely states.
- Musicians aimed for individuality to gain patronage, leading to the formation of distinct Gharanas.
Features of Gharana Tradition:
- Rooted in traditional guru-shishya (teacher-disciple) learning methodology.
- Distinguished by unique singing styles, especially in the presentation of notes.
- Represents a continuity of musical heritage and a sense of identity.
Categories of Gharanas:
Vocal Gharanas:
- Khyal Gharanas: Focusing on complex improvisation, e.g., Kirana Gharana.
- Dhrupad Gharanas: Emphasizing precise rendition of compositions.
- Thumri Gharanas: Specializing in semi-classical forms, e.g., Banaras Gharana.
Instrumental Gharanas:
- Tabla Gharanas: Characterized by distinct rhythmic patterns.
- Sitar Gharanas: Influential for their unique techniques and ornamentations.
- Wind and String Instrument Gharanas: Known for innovations in instrumental music.
Dance Gharanas:
- Kathak Gharanas: Illustrating regional influences, e.g., Banaras Gharana.
Prominent Gharanas in Hindustani Classical Music:
Gwalior Gharana:
- Founded by Miya Tansen, known for simple yet melodic singing style.
- Features ‘bandishes’ with intricate ‘tans’ (rapid note patterns).
Agra Gharana:
- Rooted in Nauhar Bani, characterized by deep and soulful voice modulation.
- Founded by Haji Sujan Khan, resonates with emotive compositions.
Kirana Gharana:
- Focuses on perfect intonation of swaras (musical notes).
- Ustad Bade Ali Khan played a foundational role.
Bhendi Bazar Gharana:
- Founded by Chhajju Khan, Nazir Khan, and Khadlim Hussain Khan.
- Utilizes the Merukhand system of extended alaps.
Other Gharanas:
- Jaipur-Atrauli, Patiala, Rampur, Shahswan, Indore, Mewati, Sham Chaurasia, etc.
Carnatic Music vs. Gharana Tradition:
- Carnatic music features a fixed structure, limiting the development of Gharanas.
- Southern India acknowledges the concept through the term “Sampraya.”
Contemporary Scenario and Conclusion:
- Gharanas face challenges due to dwindling patronage and Western music influence. Nonetheless, Gharanas continue to embody the legacy of great masters. Their relevance persists as a testament to the diverse and rich heritage of Indian classical music.